Parathyroid hormone receptor 1
(PTHR1) is a prognostic indicator
in canine osteosarcoma

Al-Khan. 2020.

​

PTHrp expression in osteosarcoma tumor tissue is associated with a more guarded prognosis.

Prognosis for dogs with stage III osteosarcoma following treatment with amputation and chemotherapy with and without metastasectomy

Turner. 2017.

​

Dogs receiving surgery to remove metastatic pulmonary nodules who met criteria as good candidates lived longer (8 months) than those who did not (1.5 months) after diagnosis of metastasis. 

​

Criteria for surgery included:

• less than 3 pulmonary nodules 

• Disease free > 9 months after amputation

​

Evaluation of survival time
in dogs with stage III osteosarcoma
that undergo treatment: 90 cases (1985–2004)

Boston. 2006.

​

Dogs with metastatic osteosarcoma at the time of initial diagnosis lived longest when treated palliatively with radiation and chemotherapy.

surgery: 3 days

NSAIDs alone: 1 month

Surgery and chemotherapy: 3 months

Radiation and chemotherapy: 4 months

Timely adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcome in dogs with non-metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma undergoing splenectomy

Faroni. 2023

​

Starting chemotherapy within 3 weeks of splenectomy is important  for survival duration in dogs with stage II or lower splenic hemangiosarcoma.

Neuroimmune Regulation of Surgery-Associated Metastases

Shurin. 2021.

​

Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy

Wang. 2015.

​

Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development.